Grammaticalization setting the entire process of move from a fully fledged lexical goods to an effective grammatical morpheme more amounts of time
CLl-PAST-OBJ
16 tu The REFLEXIVE PREFIX Inside the ZULU – An effective TYPOLOGICAL Position Sonja Age. Bosch On this page I’ll take a look at the the fresh new roots of your own reflexive prefix into the Zulu, spending extra attention to your process of grammaticalization for which lexemes turn into grammatical formatives. Once the reflexivization in a number of Bantu kod rabatowy luvfree languages could well be compared, the content have been around in the type of an excellent typological data. From inside the Lehmann s () conversation of one’s phenomena being commonly referred to as reflexive, it is fascinating to note he takes on four kinds of reflexives, namely 0) autophoric nouns being ordinary nouns particularly human body, breathing, soul, lead you to ple, into the Sanscrit the fresh noun dtman definition breath, heart, and in Basque, the brand new noun burua meaning head, are accustomed to share roughly the same as English thinking. Autophoric nouns used since the reflexives usually are with a possessive pronoun, such as the following analogy away from Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani stamina:acc put:region getting electricity inside himself (ii) reflexive nouns being nouns stating the meaning notice and absolutely nothing else, for instance the German selbst myself and Finnish itse due to the fact portrayed on following the instances: 344
17 German (2) Ich komme selbst I am coming myself Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-lorsque? want-2.sg-int violation-acc.pl notice-all-poss.2.sg How would you like the seats yourself? Inside dialects such as for instance Finnish, Hungarian and you may Turkish reflexive nouns simply take possessive affixes, while in other dialects like German and/or Relationship dialects, such nouns commonly normally along side possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns having the key reason for it comes back again to the subject, for instance the German sich inside the: German (4) Sie waschen sich He is washing on their own (iv) spoken reflexives that are verb affixes indicating that the step in some way influences the niche, as with next instances: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-look for he saw himself Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di child wash-refl-through the guy wash themselves Lehmann () stresses the boundaries between your classes are water and you can claims why these five kinds of reflexive issues are actually towards a scale away from broadening grammaticalization.
This means, one can possibly find so it once the good continuum of transform that can feel represented the following: 345
18 Lexical items Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) brings instances in different dialects so you’re able to instruct the alterations with happened or will always be happening from one category so you can another. The procedure of transform are confirmed by Faltz () exactly who, regarding their morphological difference between two main brand of reflexives, particularly NP-reflexives which may put a moderate morpheme acting as head of reflexive noun terms, and you will verbal reflexives, composed of reflexive pronouns which can be cliticized on the verb, remarks: Languages get change from you to pole on other, actually, such direction is fundamentally regarding the NP-reflexive rod with the spoken reflexive rod. During the Zulu reflexiveness try realized in the shape of a beneficial prefix and therefore myself precedes the latest verb base. The fresh new reflexive prefix is actually invariable fit, which means that it is a good morphological profile and therefore stays lingering regardless of the category that their antecedent belongs. This is clearly represented from the pursuing the instances in Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya the fresh new-son the guy-themselves hit the boy hit themselves (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini the fresh-woman she-herself-get in-echo The lady sees herself about mirror Throughout these examples -zi- is the reflexive morpheme in addition to strategies of strike and view are led straight back abreast of the newest respective grammatical sufferers, that’s, boy and girl. It is interesting one to in the generative education, a life threatening perception is created into underlying build out-of phrases that features reflexives, particularly NP1 – V – NP1. At first glance, instance a casing was ungrammatical throughout the Bantu dialects in case your a couple NPs is actually co-referential and similar fit, e.grams. (8) *USipho wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho duped Sipho For the Zulu instance a phrase is made grammatical by the installation out of a good reflexive prefix regarding verb and this new deletion of co-referential noun. age.grams. 346
